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- \n
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\u0643\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0634\u0637\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u0647\u064a \u0633\u0648\u0649 \u062a\u0645\u0647\u064a\u062f \u0644\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062e\u0637\u0637 \u0633\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0647\u060c \u0623\u0644\u0627 \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0643\u0627\u0641 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0636\u0627\u0621. \u0648\u0633\u0648\u0641 \u0646\u0642\u0641 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u062f\u062e\u0644\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0645\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0623\u0644\u0627 \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 “\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u062c\u0629”.<\/p>\n
\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u062c\u0629 (Critical Mass)<\/h2>\n
\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0635\u0648\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u062c\u0629\u061f \u0646\u062c\u064a\u0628 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0624\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0632\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639. \u064a\u0639\u0631\u0651\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0650\u0644 \u0648\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0641\u0631 (Marwell and Oliver) \u0641\u064a \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0647\u0645\u0627 Critical Mass in Collective Action\u00a0 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 “\u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0646\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0648\u0628 \u0644\u0643\u064a \u064a\u0635\u0627\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0630\u0627\u0628 \u0623\u0634\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u062c\u062f\u062f \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062a\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u0625\u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d \u062c\u0647\u062f \u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643 \u0645\u0627. \u0648\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u062f\u060c \u062a\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0633 \u062c\u064a\u0634\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u062c\u0633\u0631\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0633 \u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u0642\u0636\u064a\u0629. \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0645 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0648\u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0633\u0651\u0642 \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0627”. (\u0645\u0642\u062a\u0637\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644).<\/p>\n
\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0647\u0646\u0627 \u0647\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0646\u0649 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0646\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0627 \u0628\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0631\u0647\u0645 \u0644\u0643\u064a \u064a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0630\u0627\u0628 \u0623\u0634\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0623\u0645\u0631\u0627\u064b \u062a\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0627\u064b. \u0644\u0627 \u0634\u0643 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0646\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u0633\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0647\u060c \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0648\u064a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0646 “\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0643\u0627\u0641 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0636\u0627\u0621”\u060c \u0625\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0628\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0643\u0634\u0631\u0637 \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629. \u0648\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0647\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0639\u062f\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0637\u0644\u0642\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0645\u0642\u064a\u062f \u0628\u0634\u0631\u0637 “\u0625\u0631\u0633\u0627\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u0647\u0627”. \u0625\u0630\u0627\u064b \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0643\u062a\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0642\u0627\u0626\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0622\u0646. \u0625\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0643\u062a\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0642\u0627\u0626\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 “\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0648\u062d\u0631\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u063a\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0628”.<\/p>\n
\u0647\u0644 \u0631\u0623\u064a\u0646\u0627 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u064a\u0639 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0633\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0627\u0626\u062f\u064a \u0648\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0631\u0628\u0637 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630.<\/p>\n
![\"lens\"](\"https:\/\/i2.wp.com\/alfiniq.files.wordpress.com\/2017\/07\/lens.jpg?ssl=1&w=450\")
<\/p>\n\u0625\u0646 \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0646\u0633\u062a\u0637\u064a\u0639 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0647 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u064e\u062b\u064e\u0644\u064f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0628\u0651\u0650\u0631\u0629. \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0633 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0636\u0631\u0628 \u0648\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u062f\u0629 \u0633\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0631\u0642. \u0623\u0645\u0627\u00a0\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0633\u0644\u0637\u0646\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0646\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0633 \u0645\u0643\u062b\u0651\u0641\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0639\u062f\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u0643\u0628\u0651\u0650\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0631\u0642 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062b\u0648\u0627\u0646. \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637. \u0644\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0643\u062b\u0641\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0634\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0633\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0631\u0643\u0632\u062a \u0643\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629. \u0644\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u062a \u0643\u062a\u0644\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0631\u0642 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0631\u0628\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n
\u062d\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0633\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0647 “\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0629…\u0647\u064a \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0623\u0643\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0646\u0642\u0635\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0639\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628…”\u00a0\u0641\u0647\u0648 \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0628 \u0642\u062f \u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062c\u062d Prototype\u060c \u0644\u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0648\u0636 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628. \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0639\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0643\u0644\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0646. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0634\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062a\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0644\u062a\u0647 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0633\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u063a\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0628 \u0633\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0633\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0647\u0627\u062f.<\/p>\n
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